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APPENDIX I - CONTINUED - 14069_578
APPENDIX I - CONTINUED - 14069_580

Engineering Aid 3 - Beginning Structural engineering guide book
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PERMANENT  BENCH  MARK—A  bench  mark of  as  nearly  permanent  character  as  it  is practicable  to  establish;  usually  designated  bench mark. PERSPECTIVE—A   single-view   drawing   of   an object  showing  three  dimensions.  Lines  and surfaces  are  foreshortened  to  make  it  appear optically   correct.   Perspective   drawing   is   used when the end product is to be of an illustrative nature. PHANTOM  LINE—Thin  broken  line  consisting of one long and two short evenly spaced dashes; used to indicate the alternate position of  a moving part. PICTORIAL  PROJECTION—Any  projection that shows three dimensions in a single view as it would be seen by the eye. PLAN/PROFILE  PAPER—Upper  half  (plan)  is plain  white  paper  used  to  draw  the  plan  view; lower half is gridded and used to draw profiles. PLANE   COORDINATES—See   GRID   COOR- DINATES. PLANE   OF   PROJECTION—The   theoretical, transparent  plane  placed  between  the  point  of sight and the object in any type of projection. The observer sees the features of an object as they lie on the plane of projection; also known as image plane. PLANE SURVEY—A survey in which the effect of  the  curvature  of  the  earth  is  almost  entirely neglected,   and   computations   of   the   relative positions   of   the   stations   are   made   using the  principles  of  plane  geometry  and  plane trigonometry. PLASTIC  LIMIT  (PL)—The  lower  limit  of  the plastic  state,  expressed  as  the  minimum  moisture content, at which a soil can be rolled into a thread one-eighth  in,  in  diameter  without  crumbling. PLASTICITY—The   property   of   a   fine-grained soil that allows it to be deformed beyond the point of recovery without cracking or changing volume appreciably. PLASTICITY   INDEX   (PI)—The   numerical difference  between  the  moisture  content  at  the liquid limit and the moisture content at the plastic limit. PLUMB  LINE—The  line  indicated  by  a  plumb bob  cord.  The  direction  in  which  gravity  acts. PLUNGE   THE   INSTRUMENT—Turn   the instrument  telescope  end-for-end  about  its horizontal  axis. POINT OF SIGHT—The position of the observer in  relation  to  the  object  and  the  plane  of projection  in  any  type  of  projection;  also  known as  station  point. POLYGON—A  plane  figure  that  is  bounded  by straight-line sides. POROSITY—The   ratio,   expressed   as   a   per- centage, of the intergranular space in a given soil mass  to  the  total  volume  of  the  soil  mass. POSITION— 1. Data that define the location of a  point  with  respect  to  a  reference  system.  The coordinates that define the location of a point on a  grid.  2.  A  circle  position. POWER—The  number  of  times,  as  indicated  by an  exponent,  a  number  occurs  as  a  factor;  for example,  24 =  2<2.2.2=2   to  the  4th  power=16. POZZOLAN—A  siliceous  or  aluminous  material that  in  itself  possesses  little  or  no  cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and in the presence   of   moisture,   chemically   react   with calcium  hydroxide  at  ordinary  temperatures to   form   compounds   possessing   cementitious properties. PRECISION—The  degree  of  refinement  in  the performance  of  an  operation  or  the  degree  of perfection in the instruments and methods used when making measurements. Precision relates to the quality of the operation by which a result is obtained and is distinguished from accuracy that relates to the quality of the result. PROJECTION  CHART—Chart  showing  the comparison   of   scheduled   progress   and   actual progress. PROJECTION   LINES—The   imaginary   lines from  the  eye  of  the  viewer  to  the  points  on  the object  in  any  type  of  projection;  also  known  as lines  of  sight. PROPORTION—An   equation   in   which   two ratios  are  set  equal  to  each  other;  for  example, 3/4   =   9/12, AI-11







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