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SOURCES  OF  INFORMATION
APPENDIX I - CONTINUED - 14069_570

Engineering Aid 3 - Beginning Structural engineering guide book
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APPENDIX  I GLOSSARY Many  terms  have  different  meanings  when  used  in  relation  to  different subjects.  The  definitions  in  this  glossary  of  terms  are  meant  to  be  used  in conjunction  with  the  subject  matter  within  this  text. ACCIDENTAL   ERROR—Any   small   error accidentally  incurred  in  a  measurement.  Unlike systematic   errors,    accidental   errors   are   not governed by fixed laws. They are as likely to be positive  as  negative,  and  the  theory  of  probability is  based  on  the  occurrence  of  these  errors. ACCURACY—The  degree  of  conformity  with  a standard or the degree of perfection attained in a  measurement.  Accuracy  relates  to  the  quality of  a  result  and  is  distinguished  from  precision, which  relates  to  the  quality  of  the  operation  by which the result is obtained. ACTUAL  ERROR—The  difference  between  the accepted  value  and  the  measured  value  of  a physical  quantity. ACUTE  ANGLE—An  angle  of  less  than  900. ADJUSTED  POSITION—An  adjusted  value  for the  horizontal  or  vertical  position  of  a  survey station,  in  which  discrepancies  due  to  errors  in the observed data are removed. This adjustment forms  a  coordinated  and  correlated  system  of stations. ADMIXTURE—A   material   other   than   water, aggregates,   and   portland   cement   (including air-entraining  portland  cement  and  portland blast-furnace  slag  cement)  that  is  used  as  an ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch immediately  before  or  during  its  mixing. ADSORBED  MOISTURE—In  soil  mechanics, the thin films of moisture that may surround and cling  to  the  individual  particles  in  a  soil  mass because  of  naturally  occurring  electrical  attraction of  water  molecules  to  the  soil  particles. AGGREGATE—Any   hard,   inert,   mineral material  used  for  mixing  in  graduated  fragments. It includes sand, gravel, crushed stone, and slag. AGGREGATE,   COARSE—Aggregate   that   is retained  on  the  No.  8  sieve. AGGREGATE,  FINE-Aggregate  that  passes  the No.  8  sieve. AGONIC   LINE—The   line   along   which   the magnetic  declination  is  zero. ALGEBRA—That  branch  of  mathematics  that pertains to the relations and properties of numbers by means of letters, signs of operation, and other symbols. Algebra includes solution of equations, polynomials, verbal problems, graphs, and so on. ALIDADE—The  part  of  a  surveying  instrument that consists of a sighting device with index and reading  or  recording  accessories.  1.  The  alidade of a theodolite or engineer transit is the part of the   instrument   that   includes   the   telescope, micrometer   microscopes   or   verniers,   and accessories. These are mounted on what is called the  “upper  motion”  of  the  instrument,  and  they are  used  in  observing  direction  or  angle  on  the graduated circle, which is mounted on the “lower motion.”   2.  The  alidade  used  in  topographic surveying  consists  of  a  straightedge  ruler  carrying a  telescope  or  other  sighting  device,  and  it  is  used in  plotting  a  direction  on  the  plane-table  sheet. If a telescope is used, the instrument is often called a  “telescopic  alidade.  ” ALTITUDE—1.   The   vertical   angle   between   a horizontal plane and the line to the observed or defined  object.  In  surveying,  a  positive  altitude AI-1







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