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Figure  11-16.-Degree-graduated  scales.
Figure  11-21.-Circle-reading  optical  system.

Engineering Aid 3 - Beginning Structural engineering guide book
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Figure 11-19.-Vertical angles from zenith distances (mils). last  zero  dropped.  The  auxiliary  scales  are  graduated from 0 to 10 roils in 0.2-mil increments. Readings on the auxiliary scale can be interpolated to 0.1 mil. The vertical circle reads 0 mil when the telescope is pointed at the zenith, and 3,200 mils when it is pointed straight down. A level line reads 1,600 roils in the direct position and 4,800 roils in the reverse. The values read are zenith distances. These zenith distances can be converted into vertical angles as shown in figure 11-19. One-Second   Theodolite The   1-sec   theodolite   is   a   precision   direction type  of  instrument  for  observing  horizontal  and vertical  directions.  This  instrument  is  similar  to, 45.632 Figure  11-20.-A  1-second  theodolite. 11-24







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