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Culverts  and  Bridges - 14070_213
Figure 10-14.Staking a right-angle abutment. - 14070_215

Engineering Aid 1 - Advanced Structural engineering guide book
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To facilitate the stakeout, set a stake at point h. From h the locations of points  j and k may  be  measured and staked. The distance used is one half of the length of the headwall as that length is shown on the design plans. Set stakes at points F and G directly opposite and  on  lines  at  right  angles  to  the  ends  of  the headwalls. Set stakes similarly at  L and M. Set  grade Figure 10-12.—Ditch inlet and pipe culvert stakes near B and D for the invert or flow line of the culvert. The stakes set in this way are sufficient to locate the forms for the headwalls and for the barrel of the culvert.  Figure  10-12  shows  one  of  a  number  of  types of pipe inlets and culverts. The type shown is suitable for  picking  up  side-surface  drains  adjacent  to  a  landing strip   or   roadway   embankment.   Stakes   for   both horizontal  alignment  and  elevations  are  required. Figure  10-13  shows  the  stakeout  of  a  pipe  culvert, wing wall, and apron. BRIDGE  SUBSTRUCTURES.—  As you know from chapter 2 of this TRAMAN, the substructure of a fixed bridge consists of the end and intermediate supports  and  their  foundations.  Bridge  substructures are  divided  into  two  main  types  of  supports:  end supports  called  abutments and  intermediate  supports called bents or piers. Abutments.— The ground support at each end of a bridge is called an abutment. Construction plans will show the details of the abutments. Check the layout after  excavation  and  before  pouring  the  concrete.  You must check abutment elevations, and when concrete is used,  establish  lines  for  setting  forms.  Abutments must be  staked by following the construction plans, Figure 10-13.—Stakeout of a pipe culvert, wing wall, and apron. 10-16







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