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Figure  8-21.-Concave  slope.
Figure  8-25.-Ridge  and  spur. - 14070_169

Engineering Aid 1 - Advanced Structural engineering guide book
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Figure 8-22.-Convex slope Figure  8-23.-Hill. Contour lines widely spaced at the bottom indicate a convex slope (fig. 8-22). A panoramic sketch is a pictorial representation of the terrain in elevation and perspective as seen from one point  of  observation.  This  type  of  map  shows  the Figure 8-24.-Valley and draw. horizon,  which  is  always  of  military  importance,  with intervening features, such as crests, woods, structures, roads,  and  fences.  Figures  8-23  through  8-29  show panoramic sketches and maps. Each figure shows a different relief feature and its characteristic contour pattern.  Each  relief  feature  illustrated  is  defined  in  the following   paragraphs. A hill is a point or small area of high ground (fig. 8-23). When you are on a hilltop, the ground slopes down in all directions. A stream course that has at least a limited extent of reasonably level ground and is bordered on the sides by higher  ground  is  a  valley  (fig.  8-24).  The  valley, generally,  has  maneuvering  room  within  it.  Contours indicating a valley are U-shaped and tend to parallel a major stream before crossing it. The more gradual the 8-18







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