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Figure 10-10.Profile and mass diagram. - 14071_213
Culverts  and  Bridges - 14071_215

Engineering Aid 2 - Intermediate Structural engineering guide book
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between stations 1 + 00 and 3 + 50 would be dumped into the adjacent fill space between stations 3 + 50 and 6 + 00. The fill space between stations 6 + 00 and 8 + 00 would be filled with borrow; that is, material taken from  a  nearby  borrow  pit.  The  fill  space  between stations 8 + 00 and 10 + 50 would be filled with the cut  between  10  +  50  and  13  +  00,  and  the  space between stations 16 + 50 and 19 + 00 would be filled with the cut lying between stations 14 + 00 and 16 + 50.  You  will  notice  that  the  haul  limit  on  the  last section of the mass diagram (between stations 14 + 00 and 19 + 00) is almost on the line of zero yardage. This haul-limit distance also is called the  balance  line, because the volume of cut is equal to the volume of fill. If, for example, the balance line on the last section of the mass diagram in figure 10-10 is only about 400 feet, then instead of wasting the cut between stations 13 + 00 and 14 + 00, you would use that to fill the hollow between stations 19 + 00 and 20 + 00. Surplus cut  remaining  would  naturally  be  wasted  after allowing  for  shrinkage  in  the  filled  spaces. CONSTRUCTION  SURVEYS In   this   section   we   will   discuss   construction surveying, as it pertains to the stakeout of various types of construction, such as bridges and culverts, sewer   lines,   airfield   runways,   and   waterfront structures. For a refresher of stakeout surveys for other types   of   construction,   such   as   buildings   and pavements,  you  should  review  chapter  14  of  the  EA3 TRAMAN. As  mentioned  early  in  this  chapter,  as-built surveying  is  performed  for  two  purposes:  (1)  to determine  the  horizontal  and  vertical  location  of points as they are actually constructed in the field and (2)  to  determine  the  amount  of  work  accomplished  up to a given date. Towards the first of those purposes, little can be said that is not adequately covered in the EA3  TRAMAN;  therefore,  the  below  discussion  of as-built  surveying  is  geared  towards  the  second purpose. First,  however,  let’s  consider  an  aspect  of  both as-built and stakeout surveying that is of particular significance to the party chief; that is, the party chief must  maintain  close  liaison  with  the  other  crews working  on  the  project.  Survey  parties  work independently  on  many  types  of  surveys,  such  as establishing horizontal and vertical control, running preliminary   lines,   shooting   topo,   and   gathering engineering data. But in stakeout, the survey party is an integral part of the construction team. Timing and scheduling are important. When line and grade stakes are not set at the right place and at the right time, the work of entire construction crews are delayed. The party chief must also be constantly aware of the need for replacing stakes that have been knocked out by accident  or  design.  Frequently,  changes  in  grade  and alignment will be authorized in the field to best meet the  conditions  encountered.  These  field-change  orders will,  in  many  cases,  require  immediate  computations in the field and revisions to the stakeout. It is best to obtain as-built data as soon as a section of the work is complete.  This  is  particularly  true  if  field  changes have been made, since the press of further construction may prevent a timely return to the job to obtain the as-built data. When this data is not obtained, users of the plans may be seriously misled in supposing that the  construction  conformed  to  the  original  drawings. As-Built Surveys for Monitoring Construction  Progress In the Seabees, the percentage of completion for construction projects is based on a  work  in  place (WIP) concept. To explain this, let’s consider a simple example in which Charlie company is required to paint out three rooms totaling 1,100 square feet of wall and ceiling  surface.  When  half  of  the  total  square  footage is completed, the work in place is 550 square feet and the painting work is 50 percent complete. When all surfaces  have  been  painted,  then  the  work  is  100 percent   complete. Now  let’s  assume  that  a  construction  battalion  is tasked   with   the   construction   of   15   miles   of bituminous-paved road. As you know from your study of chapter 3 of this TRAMAN, the construction of this road  will  include  construction  activities,  such  as clearing,  excavation  for  base  and  subbase  courses, installation  of  drainage  structures,  placement  of  base and subbase courses, prime coating, and laying the bituminous-surface  course.  Each  of  those  activities represents a certain percentage of the total project. Let’s assume that the construction activity for clearing is estimated to be 5 percent of the total project and that this activity involves the removal of 528,000 square yards  of  brush  and  overburden.  When  all  of  the clearing  is  completed  and  no  other  work  has  been accomplished,  then  the  project  is  5  percent  complete; however,  if  only  130,000  square  yards  has  been removed and no other work has been accomplished, then about 25 percent of the clearing activity has been completed  and  the  project  is  .05  x  .25  =  1  percent complete. 10-14







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