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WATERFRONT STRUCTURES - 14071_20
Figure  1-17.Steel  sheet-pile  bulkhead. - 14071_22

Engineering Aid 2 - Intermediate Structural engineering guide book
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Figure 1-6.—Various types of seawalls. boxes called  caissons, each of which is floated over its place  of  location,  and  then  sunk  into  position.  A monolithic  (single-piece)  concrete  cap  is  then  cast  along the  tops  of  the  caissons.  Sometimes,  breakwaters  and jetties are built entirely of caissons, as shown in figure 1-15. A groin is a structure similar to a breakwater or jetty, but it has a third purpose. A groin is used in a situation where  a  shoreline  is  subject  to  alongshore  erosion, caused by wave or current action parallel or oblique to the  shoreline.  The  groin  is  run  out  from  the  shoreline (usually there is a succession of groins at intervals) to check the alongshore wave action or deflect it away from the shore. A mole is a breakwater that is paved on the top for use  as  a  wharfage  structure.  To  serve  this  purpose,  it must have a vertical face on the inner side, or harborside. A jetty may be similarly constructed and used, but it is still called a jetty. STABLE-SHORELINE  STRUCTURES These structures are constructed parallel with the shoreline  to  protect  it  from  erosion  or  other  wave damage. A seawall is a vertical or sloping wall that offers protection to a section of the shoreline against erosion and slippage caused by tide and wave action. A seawall is usually a self-sufficient type of structure, such as a gravity-type  retaining  wall.  Seawalls  are  classified according  to  the  types  of  construction.  A  seawall  may be made of riprap or solid concrete. Several types of seawall  structures  are  shown  in  figure  1-16. A bulkhead has the same general purpose as a seawall; namely, to establish and maintain a stable shoreline.  However,  while  a  seawall  is  self-contained, relatively thick, and is supported by its own weight, the bulkhead  is  a  relatively  thin  wall.  Bulkheads  are classified according to types of construction, such as the following: 1-9







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