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QUESTIONS - 14071_377
Base  Map  Surveys - 14071_380

Engineering Aid 2 - Intermediate Structural engineering guide book
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CHAPTER  16 SOILS: SURVEYING AND EXPLORATION/CLASSIFICATION/FIELD IDENTIFICATION In this chapter you will be introduced to the topics of geological and pedological surveys and will learn about various methods used for this type of surveying. Additionally,  you  will  further  your  knowledge  of  soils exploration and you will learn how to classify soils based  on  their  textural  and  plasticity-compressibility characteristics using the Unified Soils Classification System. Finally, you will learn various field tests that are useful for expedient soil classification. Much of the discussion in this chapter assumes that you  are  by  now  knowledgeable  of  the  physical properties of soils and that you are experienced with laboratory  testing  procedures,  such  as  mechanical analysis and Atterberg limits, that are necessary for accurate  identification  and  classification  of  soils. Should it be necessary, you may find it helpful to review chapter 15 of the EA3 TRAMAN and chapter 13 in Part 1 of this TRAMAN before beginning your study of this chapter. SURVEY SUPPORT FOR GEOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY In   this   section   you   will   be   provided   a   brief familiarization   with   the   topics   of   geological   and pedological surveying and mapping. Although these topics could have been included in a separate discussion of topographic surveying, they have been included in this chapter since both are related to soil exploration and investigation. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS In  essence,  surveys  in  support  of  geology  are topographic surveys; however, you must be aware of the other  specialized  data  that  may  be  included  as  required by  the  geologist  or  the  soil  engineer  when  you  are collecting   data   for   engineering   studies   for   naval construction  projects. The end product of most topographic surveys is a topographic  map.  In  geology  or  other  related  sciences, the topographic survey is the first part of a series of interrelated  surveys.  The  end  product  is  a  map containing not only topographical information but also other specialized data keyed to it. In geologic surveys, a  geologist  makes  systematic  observations  of  the physical characteristics, distribution, geologic age, and structure of the rocks as well as the groundwater and mineral   resources   that   the   rocks   contain.   These observations are expressed in finished form as geologic maps and texts. The objective of the geological survey is to portray, in plan or in cross section, geological data required  for  subsequent  constructions  or  for  other  uses. Pure geological data has little direct application to naval problems; however, if the field information is interpreted  into  specialized  lines,  it  is  of  considerable use  in  Naval  Construction  Force  (NCF)  planning  and operations.  NCF  requirements  may  necessitate  regional geological study and mapping, surveys of more limited areas,  or  development  of  detailed  geological  data  at  a construction  site. Methods  of  Geological  Surveying Most  geological  data  is  gathered  from  an examination  of  rocks  in  the  field.  In  addition, examination  of  drainage  and  relief  patterns  on  detailed maps  or  aerial  photographs  provides  considerable supplementary data on rock structures and distribution. In  the  field,  the  geologist  conducts  his  survey by  examining  the  rock.  He  looks  to  see  if  it  is exposed  at  the  surface  and  not  covered  by  soil  or other  material.  At  such  exposures,  called  outcrops, he  systematically  records  the  physical  characteristics of  the  rock,  thickness  of  exposure,  inclination  of the  rock,  inclination  of  rock  bedding,  and  develop- ment  of  joints  or  fractures.  In  addition,  he  deter- mines the age of the rock from fossils or the sequence of  rock  units.  Rock  investigations  are  not  confined to surface exposures, as the deeper seated rocks are examined by using samples obtained from auger or boreholes.  The  information  gathered  by  the  geolo- gist is placed on a map base by plotting the rock types in  color  with  other  data  incorporated  as  symbols 16-1







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