Figure 5-16.--(a) Cut; (b) Fill.
Figure 5-15.--Cliff.
7. CLIFF. A cliff is a vertical or near vertical
slope (fig. 5-15). When a slope is so steep that it
cannot be shown at the contour interval without the
contours coming together, it is shown by a ticked
"carrying" contour or contours. The ticks always
point toward lower ground.
8. CUTS and FILLS. Cuts and falls are man-made
features caused when the bed of a road or railroad is
graded or leveled by cutting through high areas and
filling in low areas along the right-of-way. (See fig.
5-16, views A and B, top and bottom.)
9. DEPRESSION. A depression is a low point or a
sinkhole, surrounded on all sides by higher ground (fig.
5-17).
Slope
The rate of rise or fall of a landform is known as its
slope and may be described as being gentle or steep. The
Figure 5-17.--Depression.
question arises as to how gentle or how steep? The
speed at which equipment or personnel can move is
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